انتظروا حكم: محكمة العدل الدولية الجهاز القضائي لضمان السلام العالمي طلال أبوغزاله

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انتظروا حكم: محكمة العدل الدولية الجهاز القضائي لضمان السلام العالمي

طلال أبوغزاله

في السادس والعشرين من حزيران عام 1945، تم توقيع ميثاق الأمم المتحدة الذي أنشأ محكمة العدل الدولية، وجاء هذا الحدث بعد اجتماع ممثلي الدول في سان فرانسيسكو، مدفوعين برغبة في تحقيق السلام العالمي بعد الدمار الذي خلفته الحرب العالمية الثانية.

وهكذا ولدت محكمة العدل الدولية، لتصبح الجهاز القضائي الرئيسي للأمم المتحدة لضمان التسوية السلمية للنزاعات الدولية، وعقدت أول جلسة افتتاحية لها في أبريل 1946 في قصر السلام في هولندا، ومنذ ذلك الحين، أصبح هذا المكان، الواقع على ساحل بحر الشمال، رمزًا للعدالة الدولية والسلام العالمي، وأحد الأجهزة الرئيسية الستة للأمم المتحدة، التي يقع مقرها خارج مدينة نيويورك.

لكن نشأة محكمة العدل الدولية لم تكن وليدة اللحظة؛ بل نتاج سلسلة من المحاولات السابقة لإنشاء مؤسسة قانونية دولية مكرسة للتسوية السلمية للنزاعات بين الدول، بحيث تعود جذور هذه الفكرة إلى القرن التاسع عشر عندما تم إنشاء محكمة التحكيم الدائمة خلال مؤتمر لاهاي الأول للسلام عام 1899، غير أنها لم تكن هيئة قضائية دائمة، بل آلية لتشكيل هيئات التحكيم حسب الحاجة.

وفي عام 1919، ومع تشكيل عصبة الأمم بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى، تأسست محكمة دائمة للتعامل مع النزاعات الدولية. ولكن اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية عرقل عملها بشكل كبير، مما أدى إلى الحاجة إلى مؤسسة جديدة بعد الحرب. وهكذا تم إنشاء محكمة العدل الدولية، التي ورثت صلاحيات محكمة التحكيم الدائمة، ولكن بشكل أكثر شمولية واستقلالية.

وتكمن المهمة الرئيسية لمحكمة العدل الدولية بتسوية النزاعات بين الدول وفقًا للقانون الدولي وتقديم آراء استشارية حول المسائل القانونية التي تحيلها إليها أجهزة الأمم المتحدة والوكالات الدولية المتخصصة وتعتمد على المشاركة الطوعية للدول، بمعنى عندما توافق دولة على أن تكون طرفًا في قضية أمام المحكمة، فإنها تلتزم بالامتثال لقراراتها الملزمة.

وتعتبر المحكمة حارسًا للقانون الدولي، حيث تعمل على حل النزاعات بين الدول بوسائل قانونية، وإصدار قرارات ملزمة للدول الأعضاء، وتقديم توجيهات قانونية حول تفسير وتطبيق الاتفاقيات الدولية، كما أنها تسعى لتعزيز وحماية حقوق الإنسان من خلال قراراتها وأحكامها، مما يسهم في تحقيق العدالة والإنصاف على مستوى العالم.

وتتألف المحكمة الدولية من 15 قاضيًا يتم انتخابهم من قبل الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة ومجلس الأمن لفترات تستمر تسع سنوات، بحيث يعكس هذا التكوين توازنًا جغرافيًا محددًا، إذ يشغل ثلاثة قضاة مقاعد لأفريقيا، وقاضيان من أمريكا اللاتينية ومنطقة البحر الكاريبي، وثلاثة قضاة من آسيا، وخمسة قضاة من الدول الغربية، وقاضيان من أوروبا الشرقية.

وتاريخيًا، كانت المحكمة تضم دائمًا قاضيًا من كل دولة من الدول الدائمة العضوية في مجلس الأمن: الولايات المتحدة، والمملكة المتحدة، وفرنسا، وروسيا، والصين.

وكلما نظرت المحكمة في قضية، تتبع إجراءات دقيقة تبدأ بتقديم الحجج والأدلة بشكل خطي، ثم المرافعات الشفوية أمام قضاة المحكمة، وبعد ذلك، تبدأ مداولاتها السرية التي تستمر عادة بين أربعة وستة أشهر، قبل إصدار قراراتها النهائية والملزمة والتي لا يمكن استئنافها.

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